Other Youth Topics

TAG Playbook Footnotes

1 youth.gov (n.d.). Positive youth development. Retrieved from https://youth.gov/youth-topics/positive-youth-development
2 U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). Age and sex: 2016 American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_1YR/S0101
3 U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). Age and sex composition in the United States: 2016. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/age-and-sex/2016-age-sex-composition.html
4 ICF analysis of data from US Census Bureau. (2017). Projected population by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for the United States: 2016 to 2060. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2017/demo/popproj/2017-popproj.html
5 ICF analysis of data from US Census Bureau (2017). Projected population by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for the United States: 2016 to 2060. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2017/demo/popproj/2017-popproj.html
6 U.S.  Census Bureau. (2014). Current Population Survey (CPS). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html
7 Health Resources and Services Administration. (2013). The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs Chartbook 2009-2010. Retrieved  from https://mchb.hrsa.gov/cshcn0910/
8 Helmstetter, C., Brower, S., & Egbert, A. (2010). The unequal distribution of health in the Twin Cities: A study commissioned by the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Minnesota Foundation / October 2010. Retrieved from https://www.wilder.org/wilder-research/research-library/unequal-distribution-health-twin-cities-study-commissioned-blue 
9 Burrus, B., Leeks, K. D., Sipe, T. A., Dolina, S., Soler, R., Elder, R., Barrios, L., Greenspan, A., Fishbein, D., Lindegren, M. L., Achrekar, A., & Dittus, P. (2012). Person-to-person interventions targeted to parents and other caregivers to improve adolescent health: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 316-326. Retrieved from https://www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/publications/Adoles-AJPM-evrev-caregiver.pdf - PDF 
10 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (n.d.). The community guide (The guide to community preventative services: Adolescent health). Retrieved from http://www.thecommunityguide.org/adolescenthealth/index.html 
11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). Health equity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/healthequity/
12 U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). Current Population Survey (CPS). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html
13 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Digest of education statistics. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_219.71.asp; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2017). Dropout/completer data tables. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/data_tables.asp
14 Hockenberry, S., & Puzzanchera, C. (2018). Juvenile court statistics 2016. Retrieved from http://www.ncjj.org/pdf/jcsreports/jcs2016report.pdf - PDF 
15 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2017). Statistical briefing book. Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/qa05101.asp?qaDate=2017&text=yes
16 Committee on Adolescence. (2011). Health care for youth in the juvenile justice system. Pediatrics,128(6), 1219-1235. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/128/6/1219.full.pdf - PDF 
17 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). The AFCARS report: Preliminary FY 2017 Estimates as of August 10, 2018 - No. 25. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport25.pdf  - PDF
18 Salazar, A. M., Keller, T. E., Gowen, L. K., & Courtney, M. E. (2013). Trauma exposure and PTSD among older adolescents in foster care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(4), 545–551. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114143/
19 Salazar, A. M., Keller, T. E., Gowen, L. K., & Courtney, M. E. (2013). Trauma exposure and PTSD among older adolescents in foster care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(4), 545–551. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114143/
20 American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Healthy Foster Care America: Physical health. Retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/healthy-foster-care-america/Pages/Physical-Health.aspx 
21 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). 1991-2015 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/      
22 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: LGBT youth. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/youth.htm
23 National Center for Homeless Education. (2019). National Overview. Retrieved from https://nche.ed.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Federal-Data-Summary-SY-14.15-to-16.17-Final-Published-2.12.19.pdf  - PDF
24 Hudson AL, Nyamathi A, Greengold B, et al. (2010). Health-seeking challenges among homeless youth. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949422/
25 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2012). 2009/10 National survey of children with special health care needs data query. Retrieved from  http://childhealthdata.org/learn/NS-CSHCN 
26 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). 1991-2017 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/   
27 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). 1991-2017 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/      
28 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2018). Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed tables. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHDetailedTabs2017/NSDUHDetailedTabs2017.htm#tab9-6D
29 Lindberg, L. D., & Maddow-Zimet, I. (2012). Consequences of sex education on teen and young adult sexual behaviors and outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(4), 332–338. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/article_files/j.jadohealth.2011.12.028.pdf - PDF 
30 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Monitoring the future. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future     
31 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Monitoring the future. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future     
32 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Monitoring the future. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future
33 Hahn, R. A., & Truman, B. I. (2015). Education improves public health and promotes health equity. International Journal of Health Services, 45(4), 657-678. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691207/
34 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). 1991-2017 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/      
35 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). Effects of bullying. Retrieved from https://www.stopbullying.gov/at-risk/effects/index.html
36 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from http://www.commissiononhealth.org/PDF/888f4a18-eb90-45be-a2f8-159e84a55a4c/Issue%20Brief%203%20Sept%2008%20-%20Neighborhoods%20and%20Health.pdf - PDF 
37 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2015). 1991-2015 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/     
38 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from http://childhealthdata.org/browse/survey 
39 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). 1991-2017 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/
40 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Monitoring the future. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future
41 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). (2011). The nation’s report card: Writing 2011. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2011/2012470.pdf - PDF
42 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). (2015). How did U.S. students perform on the most recent assessments? Retrieved from https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/
43 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). 1991-2017 high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/
44 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from www.childhealthdata.org 
45 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from http://childhealthdata.org/browse/survey 
46 youth.gov (n.d.). Youth transitioning to adulthood: Introduction (How holding early leadership positions can make a difference). Retrieved from https://youth.gov/youth-briefs/youth-transitioning-adulthood-how-holding-early-leadership-positions-can-make
47 Pittman, K. J., Irby, M., Tolman, J., Yohalem, N., & Ferber, T. (2003). Preventing problems, promoting development, encouraging engagement: Competing priorities or inseparable goals? Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED503944
48 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2012). Information sheet 1: A behavioral health lens for prevention. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/capt/sites/default/files/resources/behavioral-health-factsheet.pdf - PDF
49 Child Trends. (Unpublished). Child Trends analysis of data from 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
50 Child Trends. (Unpublished). Child Trends analysis of data from 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
51 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2015). 1991-2015 High school Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/     
52 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2016). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 16-4984, NSDUH Series H-51). Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2015/NSDUH-FFR1-2015/NSDUH-FFR1-2015.htm
53 Bernstein, J., Chollet, D., & Peterson, S. (2010). How does insurance coverage improve health outcomes? Retrieved from http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/PDFs/health/reformhealthcare_IB1.pdf - PDF 
54 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from http://childhealthdata.org/browse/survey 
55 Irwin, C. E., Adams, S. H., Park, J., & Newacheck, P. (2009). Preventive care for adolescents: Few get visits and fewer get services. Pediatrics, 123(4), e565-e572. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19336348
56 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Use of selected clinical preventive services to improve the health of infants, children, and adolescents--United States, 1999-2011, MMWR supplements, 63(2), 1-2. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6302.pdf - PDF
57 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from http://childhealthdata.org/browse/survey 
58 U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). Current Population Survey, annual social and economic supplement, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html
59 Pilkey, D., Skopec, L., Gee, E., Finegold, K., Amaya, K., & Robinson, W. (2013). ASPE research brief: The Affordable Care Act and adolescents. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2013/Adolescents/rb_adolescent.cfm
60 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). 2008 Physical activity guidelines for Americans (ODPHP Publication No. U0016). Retrieved from http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf - PDF
61 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health. (2016). School health policies and practices study: 2016 overview. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/shpps/pdf/2016factsheets/Overview-SHPPS2016.pdf - PDF
62 U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2016). School meals: Child nutrition programs. Retrieved from http://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/child-nutrition-programs
63 Health in Mind/Healthy Schools Campaign + Trust for America’s Health. (2018). Health in mind: Executive summary. Retrieved from https://www.tfah.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Health_in_Mind_Report.pdf - PDF 
64 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health. (2015). School health policies and practices study: 2014 overview. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/shpps/pdf/2014factsheets/2014_overview_fact_sheet.pdf - PDF
65 The Forum for Youth Investment. (n.d.). Opportunity youth. Retrieved from http://forumfyi.org/OY; The Aspen Institute (n.d.). Goals. Retrieved from https://aspencommunitysolutions.org/goals/ 
66 youth.gov. (n.d.). Employment. Retrieved from https://youth.gov/youth-topics/youth-employment
67 Hossain, F., & Bloom, D. (2015). Toward a better future: Evidence on improving employment outcomes for disadvantaged youth in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Toward_Better_Future.pdf - PDF 
68 Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2013). Healthy People 2020 adolescent health. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/Adolescent-Health
69 Halfon, N., Houtrow, A., Larson, K., & Newachek, P. W. (2012). The changing landscape of disability in childhood. Future of Children, 22(1), 13-42. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22550684
70 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources & Services Administration, Maternal & Child Health Bureau. (2013). The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Retrieved from https://mchb.hrsa.gov/cshcn0910/
71 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources & Services Administration, Maternal & Child Health Bureau. (2013). The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Retrieved from https://mchb.hrsa.gov/cshcn0910/
72 Yang-Tan Institute on Employment and Disability at the Cornell University ILR School. (2019). 2017 Disability status report: United States. Retrieved from http://www.disabilitystatistics.org/StatusReports/2017-PDF/2017-StatusReport_US.pdf - PDF
73 Halfon, N., Houtrow, A., Larson, K., & Newachek, P. W. (2012). The changing landscape of disability in childhood. Future of Children, 22(1), 13-42. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22550684
74 Lipscomb, S., Halmson, J., Liu, A. Y., Burghardt, J., Johnson, D. R., & Thurlow, M. (2017). Preparing for life after high school: The characteristics and expectations of youth in special education. Volume 1: Comparisons with other youth. Findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012. Retrieved from https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/20174016/pdf/20174016.pdf - PDF
75 Halfon, N., Houtrow, A., Larson, K., & Newachek, P. W. (2012). The changing landscape of disability in childhood. Future of Children, 22(1), 13-42. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22550684
76 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2012). 2009/10 National survey of children with special health care needs data query. Retrieved from  http://childhealthdata.org/learn/NS-CSHCN 
77 Bloom, S., Kuhlthau, K., Van Cleave, J., Knapp, A. A., Newacheck, P., & Perrin, J. M. (2012). Health care transition for youth with special health care needs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(3), 213-219. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921130
78 Geenan, S. J., Powers, L. E., & Sells, W. (2003). Understanding the role of health care providers during the transition of adolescents with disabilities and special health care needs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 225-233. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12606116
79 Lebrun-Harris, L.A., McManus, M.A., Ilango, S.M., Cyr, M., McLellan, S.B., Mann, M.Y., & White, P.H. (2017). Transition preparation among youth with and without special health care needs in the United States. Pending 2017 Submission to Pediatrics.
80 U.S. Department of Education. (2018). Determination letters on state implementation of IDEA. Retrieved from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/ideafactsheet-determinations-2018.pdf - PDF
82 Homer, C. J., Klatka, K., Romm, D., Kuhlthau, K., Bloom, S., Newacheck, P., Van Cleave, J., & Perrin, J. M. (2008). A review of the evidence for the medical home for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 122(4), e922-e937. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18829788
83 Mason-Jones, A. J., Crisp, C., Momberg, M., Koech, J., De Koker, P., & Mathews, C. (2012). A systematic review of the role of school-based healthcare in adolescent sexual, reproductive, and mental health. Systematic reviews, 1, 49. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-49
84 Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2013). Healthy People 2020 adolescent health. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/Adolescent-Health
85 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). School Health Index (SHI): Self-assessment & planning guide 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/shi/pdf/Middle-High-Total-2017.pdf - PDF
86 Healthy Schools Network, Inc. (2016). Towards healthy schools: Reducing risks to children. Retrieved from http://www.healthyschools.org/data/files/TowardsHealthySchools-Risks.pdf - PDF 
87 Fox, H. B., McManus, M. A., & Yurkiewicz, S. M. (2010). Parents perspectives on adolescent health. Retrieved from https://www.thenationalalliance.org/publications/2017/7/14/parents-perspectives-on-health-care-for-adolescents 
88 Fisher, M. (1992). Parents' views of adolescent health issues. Pediatrics, 90(3), 335-341. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/90/3/335.short; Williams, R., McDermitt, D., Bertrand, L., & David, R. (2003). Parental awareness of adolescent substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 28(4), 803-809. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460301002751
89 Smetana, J. G., Campione-Barr, N., & Metzger, A. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal and societal contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 255-284. Retrieved from http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190124 
90 Bokhorst, C. L., Sumter, S. R., & Westenberg, M. (2010). Social support from parents, friends, classmates, and teachers in children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years: Who is perceived as most supportive? Social Development, 19(2), 417-426. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00540.x/abstract;jsessionid=40392B7801A5FCEFF647DEFB128B463B.d04t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
91 Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A. C., Must, A,, Nixon, P. A., Pivarnik, J. M., Rowland, T., Trost, S., & Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732-737. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15973308
92 Blum, R. W., & Rinehart, P. M. (1997). Reducing the risk: Connections that make a difference in the lives of youth. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED412459.pdf - PDF

Youth Briefs

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How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities

Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Mak
Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference

Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

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How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues

Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Happy Family
Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions

Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

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Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs

Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth

Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

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